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Little is known for certain about the early life and political career of Marcus Julius Philippus besides his birthplace in the Roman province of Arabia, for which he earned the nickname Philip I “the Arab” (c. 204 – 249 AD). Philip endeavored to gain as much power as possible, and was supported in the effort by his brother, Gaius Julius Priscus, Praetorian Guard under the child emperor, Gordian III. During the Persian campaign in 243 AD, Gordian’s father-in-law and de facto ruler, the Praetorian Prefect Timesitheus, died under mysterious circumstances. Priscus apparently held enough influence over the impressionable young Emperor to convince him into naming Philip as replacement.
The campaign resumed, and Gordian was killed in 244 AD, either in battle following a military defeat, or, by some accounts, at the hands of Philip and his followers. Philip declared himself new Emperor, made peace with the Persians (involving promises of large annual indemnities), and, leaving Priscus in control of the Eastern borders, returned to Rome to secure his powers with the Senate.
It was early in Philip’s reign (244-245 AD) when this coin was minted, a Syrian tetradrachm. It is an uncommon variant that bears the legend MON VRB (meaning coin of Rome). Apparently, demand for coinage in Eastern provinces had grown to the extent where the Antioch mint needed Rome’s help to meet its needs.
Philip spent liberally on the Persian tributes, donatives necessary to secure his accession, and new public works, such as transforming his hometown - now renamed Philippopolis - into a replica of Rome herself. Short of funds, Philip raised taxes ruthlessly, debased the antoninianus, and ceased paying subsidies that kept the peace along northern borders. Most exorbitant of all, Philip lavishly hosted Rome’s one thousand year anniversary, involving venues such as the Colosseum and Circus Maximus, and festivities from theatrical presentation to bloody gladiator contests.
The fun and games did not last long, however, as Philip contended with various attacks from all borders and from within. Apparently overwhelmed by invasions and usurpers, Philip contemplated resignation, although the Senate continued its support. Among Philip’s most avid followers was Gaius Messius Quintus Decius. Impressed with Decius’ loyalty, Philip promptly gave him command of the Pannonian and Moesian provinces, and dispatched him to quell the rebellions there. Decius accomplished just that, however, afterwards the Danubian legions proclaimed him Emperor. Battles ensued, and Philip was killed in 249 AD, likely assassinated by his own troops eager to please the new Emperor. Philip's brother Priscus, whose harsh rule in the East led to unrest and rebellion there as well, disappeared without a trace.
Coin details: SYRIA, ANTIOCH, Philip I (244-249 AD), BI Tetradrachm (13.22 g), NGC Grade: MS, Strike: 5/5, Surface: 5/5, Obverse: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, AVTOK K M IOVL FILIPPOV CEB, Reverse: Eagle standing facing, head left, holding wreath in its beak, DEMARC EXOVCIAC, S C under wings, MON VRB in exergue. Greek letter Epsilon (5th office mark) over right wing, Reference: Prieur 309.